Cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem, yaj lossis dispersing zaj duab xis - Txoj kev ua kom tsim cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem yog categorized rau ntau hom raws li lawv cov peev txheej thiab kev siv. Cov kuab tshuaj uas suav nrog hydrocarbons, cawv, thiab esters. Cov kuab tshuaj txawv ntau yam sib txawv raws li evaporation tus nqi, solubility, thiab ib puag ncig xaiv kev xaiv rau kev pom zoo.
Cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem faib tau raws li npau npau, polarity, tshuaj lom neeg, thov, solubility, thiab evaporationion tus nqi. Cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no qhia txog cov kev nkag siab tob tob txog cov khoom ntawm ntau yam kuab tshuaj thiab pab peb xaiv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsim nyog rau txheej npaj khoom.
Boiling taw tes faib
Tsawg -} boiling - Tshaj tawm cov kuab tshuaj, ethyl actures, muaj cov ntsiab lus boiling hauv qab 100 degree. Cov kuab tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj yaj kiab tau sai sai, qhuav yooj yim, thiab muaj kev viscosity tsawg. Lawv feem ntau muaj cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab thiab tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov txheej ntub los ntawm kev khiav.
Nruab nrab - boiling - Cov ntsiab lus boilents ntawm 100 degree, methyl acetne, thiab butyl esters. Cov kuab tshuaj yaj no yaj ntawm tus nqi me me, ua yeeb yam raws li cov neeg sawv cev qib lever nyob rau hauv txheej thiab txhawb txoj kev tsim cov xim yeeb yaj kiab ntom. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam.
Siab -} boiling - Cov ntsiab lus byclohexan, xws li Glycol Ethle, Cyclohexanol, thiab Turpentine. Cov kuab tshuaj yaj no maj mam thiab yog feem ntau ua rau yaj, ob leeg kev saib xyuas cov xim ntawm ntxuav hniav dawb los ntawm cov chaw tsis txias lossis ib puag ncig.
Cov tshuab yas, tseem hu ua cov yas tshuab, feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus npau npau saum 300℃thiab yog zoo tsis {1} {volatile. Cov yas tshuab feem ntau siv raws li cov quav ntxiv los hloov kho lub hardness, tab sis kev xyuam xim ntau yam yog qhov tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau txheej txheej kom qhuav.
Tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj lom neeg
HydroCarbon cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau suav nrog cov aliphatic thiab aromatic cov kuab tshuaj. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons yog feem ntau tawm ntawm cov kab sib dhos, thaum cov kuab tshuaj uas muaj ntxhiab yog nyob ntawm benzene, nrog benzene, thiab xyheej tshwj xeeb siv.
Cov kuab tshuaj oxygenated muaj cov pa ntxiv rau hydrocarbons, muab ib lub zog ua rau muaj zog ua rau lawv muaj zog. Cov tshuaj oxygenated cov tshuaj pleev suav nrog haus dej cawv, acetone, thiab ethyl acetate.
Polarity qhia
Ib hom tshuaj polarity hais txog nws cov hluav taws xob conduction. Raws li cov cuab yeej no, cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem raug cais ua polar thiab tsis {{1ar. Cov pawg ua yeeb yaj kiab polar, xws li dej cawv, esters, thiab cov khoom siv pob khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tsis -} polar cov kuab tshuaj, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog cov neeg ua kom tsis muaj zog.
Evaporation tus nqi ntsuas
Cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem raug faib raws li lawv cov evaporation tus nqi. Ntawm no, peb siv butyl acetate (bac) raws li qhov ntsuas rau kev sib piv ntawm chav sov. Cast -}} qhuav cov kuab tshuaj yaj ntau dua peb zaug sai dua BAC; Nruab Nrab -}}}} }ing dry້ານ daws cov tshuaj yaj ntawm tus nqi ntawm BAC thiab 1.5 zaug sai dua; qeeb {-}}}} dry ¼ing cov kuab tshuaj yaj ntawm tus nqi ntawm bac thiab amyl cawv; Thiab qeeb -}}} Cov kuab yaj kiab kom qhuav, xws li cyclohexanone thiab diethylene glycol lyhetly maj mam.
Cov kev qhia hnyav
Cov kuab tshuaj tiag tiag, tseem hu ua "cov kuab tshuaj uas" yog cov kuab tshuaj uas tuaj yeem zom cov kev coj ntawm lawv tus kheej. Piv txwv li, estrers, neeg muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov khoom Ketones, uas tuaj yeem yaj tiag nitrocellulose, poob rau hauv pawg no.
Tus mobile, tseem hu ua "latent cov kuab tshuaj," tsis muaj lub zog tseem ceeb thaum siv ib leeg, tab sis lawv cov hwj huam tshem tawm thaum siv kev sib xyaw nrog cov kuab tshuaj muaj tseeb. Cawv poob rau hauv pawg no.
Kev ua rau raug mob, thaum tsis muaj qhov ua tau zoo, feem ntau yog pab kho cov viscosity ntawm qee cov kuab tshuaj los pab txhawb kev tuav. Hauv kev lag luam txheej xim, feem ntau siv cov xim nyias yog hu ua "txiv tsawb cov dej," thiab benzene solvents poob rau hauv pawg no.
Feem ntau cov kuab tshuaj sib xyaw, piv txwv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj tseeb, tus sawv cev ntawm tus neeg sawv cev thiab ua rau muaj tseeb yog li 35:15:50. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib piv ntawm cov tshuaj qis, nruab nrab thiab cov kuab kub npau npau yog tswj kav txog 25:65:10.